`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison - 2097 Words

â€Å"Beloved† by Toni Morrison is a historical/fictional novel that deals with the idea of the supernatural and the repercussions of slavery towards a society and the individual persona. The novel explores the wreckage slavery brings upon its characters in all senses of the self. They have been freed from slavery but the psychological trauma endured remains constant; leading them to do the unthinkable. In the novel Morrison utilizes the character of Beloved to represent the ghost of slavery in an entire community. As we learn about the community we come to understand that they are haunted by their past because they refuse to accept it. Most importantly we realize that slavery has led the characters to become completely desensitized with their individuality and sense of self. Yes, they are physically free of slavery, but mentally they are still enslaved. The novel exemplifies how hard it is for the characters to re-discover their sense of self and their own worth. Only thro ugh individual and communal healing, are they able to achieve the prior. The story is set in 1873, numerous years after the abolition of slavery, taking the reader through flashbacks and back without warning. Most of the characters in the novel are ex-slaves who have endured a lifetime of misery. We learn about their gruesome pasts and what led them to become who they are. As the story begins, the reader does not understand why our main character Sethe, and her family are rejected by the community. AtShow MoreRelatedBeloved, By Toni Morrison Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagesreading Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved, I could not help but feel shocked and taken aback by the detailed picture of life she painted for slaves at the time in American history. The grotesque and twisted nature of life during the era of slavery in America is an opposite world from the politically correct world of 2016. Morrison did not hold back about the harsh realities of slavery. Based on a true story, Toni Morrison wrote Beloved about the life of Sethe, a slave and her family. Toni Morrison leftRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison1455 Words   |  6 Pagesthese hardships to light and shed insight on the pain and suffering of slaves, narratives such as, Incidents in The Life Of A Slave Girl..by Harriet Jacobs,The narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Novels such as Beloved by Toni Morrison blend the slave narratives with fiction highlight the life after slavery and the struggle faced by former slaves to adjust their lives to freedom. According to Paul E. Lovejoy’s ‘Freedom Narratives’ of Transatlantic Slavery, he states thatRead MoreBeloved, By Toni Morrison1571 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, Beloved, written by Toni Morrison, many themes and symbols played a crucial role when analyzing a variety of different characters. One specific theme that has had an everlasting effect between characters and relationships throughout the novel is the transformation of the theme thick love. The idea of love in Toni Morrison s Beloved is a complicated subject to understand. If love wasn t hard enough to figure out, it is made more complex through the evils of slavery during this timeRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison2137 Words   |  8 PagesToni Morrison explores the idea of slavery through her novel, Beloved, by using a variety of literary techniques and postmodern concepts. The idea of the rememory is a major theme throughout the novel that Toni Morrison uses to introduce the lives of Denver and Seth e and the idea of slavery. Rememory is the act of remembering a memory that happened in the past. Beloved, depicted as a ghost, exemplifies the idea of rememory for Sethe because she brings back many memories to Sethe’s mind. ThroughoutRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison622 Words   |  3 Pages In the novel Beloved by Toni Morrison, Morrison has created two very powerful characters: Denver and Beloved. Denver and Beloved are sisters, but in a sense, they werent always. It used to just be Denver and her mother, Sethe, that lived together in a house. That house was passed down to them by Denvers grandmother, Baby Suggs, which was given to her by a white couple who were out to help the blacks. Sethe and Denver were very content with the way things were. Sethe had a paying job as a cookRead MoreBeloved, Beloved By Toni Morrison1774 Words   |  8 PagesIn Toni Morrison’s novel, Beloved, Beloved is an enigmatic character. Throughout the novel, it is implied that Beloved is a reincarnation of Sethe’s dead child. However, Beloved is not just a physical embodiment of Sethe’s dead baby. Instead, Beloved is a representation of slavery and the suffering associated with slavery. Morrison displays that Beloved is a representation of slavery by the conversations and thoughts characters have about Beloved. Morrison also displays Beloved as a representationRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pages Distinguished African-American novelist, Toni Morrison, in her notoriously suspenseful anachronic masterpiece, Beloved, tells the story of a fugitive slave named Sethe who escaped from the Sweet Home plantation in Kentucky to Cincinnati, Ohio, a free state. She lives freely with her husband’s grandmother for twenty-eight days until the slave masters come to capture her. Frightened, she attempts to murder all of her children to prevent them from living a life of dehumanized servitude but only succeedsRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison769 Words   |  3 PagesBeloved is the character who lends her name to the title of Morrison’s novel, isnt really a flesh-and-blood character at all, she’s is a ghost. It is this fact that makes the presence of the character a symbol in terms of her effect on the narrative and the other characters so profound. For a ghost, Beloved exerts a ton and control over most of the characters, affecting nearly every part of their lives, their ability to live in peace, their ability to love one another, and to move on with theirRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison906 Words   |  4 PagesGothic Literature normally, if not always, has a haunting. In â€Å"Beloved† by Toni Morrison there is a haunting of 124. 124 is being haunted by Sethe’s daughter who is the character Beloved. The haunts in Gothic Literature can also be a non-physical haunting, a haunting in the head. Sethe has not been haunted by Beloved physically, but mentally. The bond th at a mother has for a child is so tight and loving. There is no real way to understand this bond unless someone has personally been a mother. TheRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved And Beloved1376 Words   |  6 PagesToni Morrison brings another surprise to the story of Beloved. The addition of character Beloved conceals whole meaning Morrison tries to conduct to the readers. So far, character Beloved is portrayed as an innocent, pure, yet egotistic girl. Beloved also presumably the incarnation of Sethe’s dead baby, whose tomb is engraved Beloved. Morrison offers supernatural element in the story to create mysterious and spooky atmosphere, which raise curiosity and excite readers even more. Beloved is seen

Should Democracy Be Exported - 1628 Words

Living in the United States, we tend to take for granted democracy and the institutions that were established by the constitution to ensure its viability and perpetuate its underlying principles. However, this is not the case for many countries around the world. In other places, authoritarian and other non-democratic regimes have existed and sustained rule without pushing for democracy. This raises the question: can democracy be exported to these countries? In present day, due to the fact that non-democratic regimes are heavily rooted in their existing governing systems, ideologies, and dependency on natural resources, there are insurmountable logistical and ideological hurdles that make exporting democracy peacefully or forcefully a nearly impossible task. Before considering the implications of exporting democracy, one must understand the main factors that define a democratic regime. In its most basic form, democracy is defined as a regime that exercises political power â€Å"either directly or indirectly through participation, competition, and liberty† (ECP, 128). Full participation implies that the population must be satisfied with the process and results of democratization (elections). Without such support, democratic regimes falter at the core of what it means to be a democratic regime, which is the equal representation of people. Participation not only applies for people’s ability to vote, but also for the population’s freedom to run for a position of power. This idea,Show MoreRelatedThe United States Into Joining World War I1249 Words   |  5 Pagesinterest in democracy, and the demand for safe seas were the leading factors that pushed the United States into joining World War I. Popular opinion against Germany led to the United States’ entrance in the war because it gave the United States a reason to choose a side to fight for and a side to fight against. In the years before the war, the United States was exporting money to Britain, Germany, and France at steady rates (Doc2). Once the war began in 1914 the amount of money being exported to BritainRead MoreShould the United States Lift the Embargo on Cuba? Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesthe growing negative relations, and the embargo embodied it. But now that the cold war is over, as is the Cuban missile crisis, we’re left to wonder if the embargo is really necessary. Should the United States lift the embargo of Cuba? All of the evidence, be it economic, diplomatic, or social, points to yes. We should lift the embargo. The United States embargo of Cuba has its roots planted in 1960, 53 years ago, when â€Å"the United States Congress authorized President Eisenhower to cut off the yearlyRead MoreThe Effects of Petroleum Business on Nigeria1562 Words   |  7 Pagesto the Ministry of petroleum resources.† Most people perhaps those misinformed or brainwashed by public opinion would think that with so many oil fields and wells the people of these states would somehow equally benefit and the country over time should become more develop but that is not so. The wealth, unfortunately as a result of past colonial dictation and separation of tribes and power the wealth is tightly kept within a small sphere of political leaders. The most productive oil reserve in NigeriaRead MoreThe Parliamentary Power Of Finland804 Words   |  4 Pages Finland is a parliamentary democracy with a multiparty political system. It has a mixed presidential and parliamentary system with executive powers divided between the president and the prime minister. The president is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the Defense Forces who oversees national security and foreign affairs. The president is elected for a term of six years and may hold up to two consecutive terms maximum. The president’s power has been slightly reduced since the constitutionalRead MoreDemocracy Throughout the World1303 Words   |  5 Pagesthem to be free!!! Democracy is best defined as a type of governance where all entitled people contribute similarly either in an indirect or direct way in the process of elections in the purpose of contributing to development and establishment of rules. Nowadays, we are living in the core of a world surrounded by plenty of wars and each war maker tends to claim that he is fighting under the name of liberty and that he is yearning to reach democracy. The concept of democracy is very important andRead MoreThe World s Leader As A Global Police Force, Implementing Democracy And Promoting World Peace1253 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica is known today for being a global police force, implementing democracy and promoting world peace. As the nation expanded, America got more and more involved in foreign affairs and policies. Whether it was wars or colonial expansion, the US was extending its hand in the affairs of other nations or regions. While we are hated in many countries, it is undoubtedly true that we are the world’s leader in peace promotion and solving global epidemics. America has evolved to be the leading disasterRead MoreThe Impact Of Slavery On Africa Socially, Economically, And Politically For Over 300 Years.969 Words   |  4 Pagesnorm because many African societies lacked African males because they were being exported. Labor had become a commodity, physical hard work became a product that can be sold and bought. Communalistic values collapsed for the purpose of no pan-African unity and African’s leaders also lacked knowledge about the slave trade. In western societies Africa was viewed as unprogressive and needed a stronger sense of democracy. Slavery began the rise of modern racism because mindset of western Europeans aboutRead MorePolitical Economy And Democracy Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Capitalism and American Democracy have always gone hand in hand for the entire history of the United States since its founding, and many say one cannot exist without the other. Many people today commonly associate Capitalism with Democracy when asked about the United States in general. But this statement is inherently flawed; capitalism is based on profits for the few while democracy is based on rights for many. So how can such a contradictory statement be good for the society as a wholeRead MoreThe American Empire: Exceptionalist Political, Economic, and Public Policies1446 Words   |  6 Pageshave lawmaking bodies, however the American Congress has no nearby partner anyplace on the planet in the self-sufficient power that it practices as an aggregate entity. For unlike the parliaments with which such a variety of onlookers of modern democracies are well known, the Congress has a quite important interior structure. Also this is accurate, yet correct in ways, for both the House and the Senate. Political culture: A political culture is a designed method for thinking about political lifeRead MoreEssay on Ukraine and European Union617 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal Trade and future financial crises are connected to this integration process. EU, mainly Germany, tries to pull Ukraine into its zone of influence and begin closing the industrial enterprises in the country, as it was done before in the new democracies. Germany today - is the locomotive of the European economy. Solving financial policies almost single-handedly, the Germans have enormous leverage over the rest of Europe. On the other hand the United States are also interested in this integration

Evaluating the Existence of any Relations Between Unemployment Levels

Questions: (a) Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? Provide real life examples?(b) Using your home country ( Vietnam ) as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in?(c) Explain how monetary policy can influence an economy, including the exchange rate and employment levels? Answers: Introduction An economys performance is affected by large number of economic indicators and as a result, in order to analyse its performance, these economic indicators must be evaluated. These economic indicators may be classified as the growth rates of the economy, inflation level, and unemployment conditions as prevalent within it, GDP growth etc. There has been certain kind of relations that exists in respect to these economic indicators type which can be crucial in understanding the ways in which they impact the performance of an economy (Moomaw, Olson, McLean and Applegate, 2009). The main focus of this report is mainly towards evaluating the existence of any relations between unemployment levels and the inflation levels. The role of government in achieving reduction over these economic factors of inflation and unemployment would be assessed in this report and also the interference of government in promoting higher growth levels across the economy. The report would also include an analysis o f the role played by the monetary policy on the performance of an economy, and based on the findings from analysis; they would be concluded in the conclusion section of this report. (a) Discussion on the Existence of Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment This section of analysis is now focused towards evaluating the existence of relationship between the inflation level and the unemployment levels in an economy. However, this relationship can be better understood by way of focusing especially towards analysing these concepts of inflation and unemployment in detail. Inflation is defined in the existing literature as the rise in the general price level of goods and services within an economy and this rise take place over a period of time. As a result of an increase in the level of prices, the purchasing power of people get lowered, as they have to pay more for the same number of goods and services which they have bought earlier. This implies that the monetary value gets reduced and the ultimate effect in the decline in the purchasing power of people. The inflation levels in an economy can have both the positive effect as well as negative effect. In addition to the concept of inflation, unemployment condition is another important economi c concept which indicates about the percentage of people that remain unemployed i.e. does not have a job with them. This is a condition whereby people are mostly in search of employment conditions and the lack of any accessibility to any mode of earning to them. This has been a negative factor from the point of view of overall economys performance and higher such rates of unemployment would mean that more and more people are looking towards job opportunities and presently, they do not have any access to employment (Tucker, 2010). Analysis of Linkage between Unemployment and Inflation The concept of both the inflation and unemployment has been clarified above. This section of analysis is now focused towards assessing the existence of relationship between these two important indicators of economic performance. There has been certain major relation that exists in respect to inflation and unemployment as indicated in the literature. The application of Phillips Curve can be an important tool in this context in performing the analysis of relations between these two important elements. The Philips Curve is known after the name of A.W. Phillips and his biography indicates that he is based in New Zealand and he has introduced this theory in 1958. In explaining this Philips curve, data about unemployment levels and wage levels in UK during the period from 1861 to 1957 have been collected. On the basis of analysis of the collected data, it has been evaluated that there has been stable curve being identified and it explains about the trade off between unemployment conditions and the inflation levels in the economy. The relations as identified between them are regarded as inverse relation and this inverse relation indicate that a decline in the level of unemployment would contribute towards a rise in the inflation rates and vice versa (Abel, 2011). Thus, the discussion indicated about the persistence of negative relationship between the inflation rates and the unemployment rates in the economy. The application of Philips curve in examining the relationship between these two terms is performed as follows: The inverse relations between the inflation levels and unemployment levels is explained by the Philips curve above as it is quite clear from the chart above that increase in the inflation rates contributes towards decline in the unemployment conditions within the economy and the decrease in the inflation rates on the other hand leads to an increase in the unemployment levels. There can be the application of examples being performed to better evaluate the existence of relations between them. As for example, the decrease in the rates of unemployment provides a kind of empowerment to the employees which in turn allow them in demanding higher wage rates. The period of recession on the other hand leads to decline in the overall activities across the economy, but with the economy back to its normal conditions, there is an increase in the demand being identified and such working conditions allows for good opportunities to workers in demanding higher wage rates (Boyes and Melvin, 2012). As a result of this increase in the wage rates of workers, the products and services are being costlier and there is higher rates being charged for the same from the customer. This particular practice is being followed mainly to ensure that the higher wage rates as paid to employees are being positively recovered from such higher prices for products and services, and this in turn contributes towards the inflation levels. This is mainly because the higher price levels as maintained for products and services reduces the purchasing power of people and the direct contribution of such practice is towards higher rates of inflation in the economy. This gives an indication of the fact that lower level of unemployment rate is likely to contribute towards higher rate of inflation and vice versa. Although this existence of inverse relationship being identified between the inflation levels and unemployment rates, yet an analysis indicates that this existence of inverse relations is mainly applic able only in the short run. However, in the long run, there are no such kinds of inverse relations being maintained between inflation and unemployment rates. This is justified from the situation that in the long run, unemployment levels return back to their normal rates and this leads to trade off in respect to the inflation and unemployment conditions within the economy (Tucker, 2010). The application of production bottlenecks can also be performed to analyse the existence of such relationship between the unemployment levels and the inflation rates. The levels of production that are maintained in an economy are also an important indicator of the unemployment rates as prevalent within it. It is not only the unemployment rates, but such production levels also indicate about the inflation rates in an economy. In the instances of lower output and higher rates of unemployment, there exist higher capacity levels and as a result, the incentives as available with respect to price increases are significantly lower. But with the aggregate demands picking up, the levels of output also increase and this accounts for significant level of decline in the unemployment levels. This also leads to reduction in the excess capacity levels and with the increase in such capacity levels, businesses achieve a limit with regard to how much they can produce in the short run. The price level gets increased as a result of such rise in the demand and production limits. As a result of this situation, there has been decline being witnessed in respect to the unemployment rates and the major contribution of this condition is the increase in the inflationary trend across the economy (Hall and Lieberman, 2009). The aggregate demand and aggregate supply levels can also be positively utilised for the purpose of explaining the existence of such relations between the inflation levels and the unemployment rates. The nations price level in respect to the real output levels is being explained by the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model. This model suggests that the increase in the price level is similar to that of inflation condition in an economy. However, a decrease in the level of output in considered same as that of unemployment condition in an economy, and this is mainly because a decrease in the output level is considered similar to that of unemployment levels in an economy. The demand and supply curve can better explain the trade off between the inflation and unemployment levels. The price level for products and services gets increased with the rise in the demands and this reduces the unemployment condition. This can be regarded as similar to that of the situation of rise in the infl ation rate as a result of lower unemployment condition (Tucker, 2010). Thus, the analysis as performed in respect to the relationship between unemployment levels and inflation levels above has indicated that there is the existence of inverse relation within them, and this suggests that when unemployment increases, inflation rate decreases and vice versa. (b) Inflation, Unemployment and Growth Trends in Vietnam This section of analysis is now focused towards assessing the inflation levels, unemployment rates and the growth trends that are prevalent in respect to the home country i.e. Vietnam. The analysis above has indicated about the concept of inflation, unemployment and growth in particular, and also the relationship between them. This section is now focused towards analysing these aspects as applicable in the context of Vietnam. As for instance, the analysis above has indicated that there is the existence of inverse relations between inflation rate and unemployment levels and this particular trend is also evident in the given case of Vietnam economy. The analysis of inflation levels in respect to Vietnam economy indicates that the economy is performing in a better way towards achieving decline over the inflation levels over the years. The inflation rate as recorded in respect to Vietnam economy in January 2015 is 0.94% and this has been the lowest rate being achieved over last few years . The analysis indicates about the average inflation rates that are prevalent across Vietnam and it is identified as 7.13% over the period ranging from 1996 to 2015. The statistics with respect to the inflation rate across Vietnam is provided by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam and the performance of such inflation rates over the years is indicated as follows: The graph above indicates about the performance of inflation levels across Vietnam economy and it is evident above that there have been upswings and downswings with respect to inflation performance across the economy. It has increased significantly in 2009 and the end of 2011 has also witnessed a rise in the inflation levels across the economy. However, the recent performance of inflation condition across the economy suggests that the inflation rate is at all time low (Vietnam Inflation Rate, 2015). Contrary to this, unemployment rate is also identified as a crucial factor affecting the performance of an economy, and it is also an important indicator to analyse an economys performance levels. As in respect to Vietnam economy, an analysis of the unemployment rate signifies that there has been a rise in the inflation rate being witnessed in 2014. The unemployment rate is nearby 2.14% in the first quarter of 2014. It was around 3% in 2010 and thereafter declined heavily in 2012. This lo wer unemployment rates in particular implies that the performance of the Vietnam economy has been stronger, as most of the people are employed and they are contributing in a positive manner towards the development of the economy. The performance of unemployment across the economy over years is indicated in the graph below: The unemployment rate across Vietnam economy since 2008 till 2014 is indicated in the chart above and it is clarified from the chart that the rate has witnessed a significant decline in 2014 as compared to 2010-2011. Thus, from the point of view of performance of Vietnam economy by measuring the inflation rate and unemployment rate, it is evident that the performance of economy is efficient as these economic indicators have reached lowest levels which are positive aspect from the point of view of performance of the entire economy conditions. The analysis of inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and the inflation level can be possible from the charts as provided above in relation to the inflation and unemployment performance in respect to Vietnam economy. As for instance, the unemployment performance from the chart above indicates that it has been significantly higher in 2010 whereas the analysis of the inflation rate indicates that it has reached the lowest rate in 2010 in the chart above. This signifies that a rise in the unemployment rate negatively affects the inflation rate, as it has decreased significantly in 2010 (Vietnam Unemployment Rate, 2015). Apart from the performance of inflation and unemployment conditions across Vietnam, the growth trends are crucial to evaluate in order to analyse the performance of the economy in a complete manner. In terms of analysis of the growth rates across Vietnam economy, an analysis indicates that Vietnam has witnessed a significant rise in its growth rate over the last decade as it has achieved growth at an average rate of 6.4% in the last decade. Although such massive growth rates have been noted especially in respect to the performance of Vietnam economy as a whole, yet the recent performance of Vietnam economy indicates that there has been slight level of decline being evident in respect to the GDP growth rate of the economy. The economy of Vietnam also indicated that the economy managed to improve its macroeconomic stabilisation. The external sector has become an important factor for the attainment of higher level of growth in respect to Vietnam economy in particular. Overall, there has been higher level of growth being achieved across Vietnam economy in the past decade (Vietnam Overview, 2015). Aggregate Supply Curve Vietnam is Operating The aggregate supply curve in respect to Vietnam economy indicates that it has been at a rising level especially with respect to the supply of coal and gas, as the economy is known as the producer of these natural resources at a significant level. This factor has created opportunities in terms of an increasing line of supply curve with respect to coal and gas production across the economy. (c) Impact of Monetary Policy on an Economys Performance This section of analysis is now focused towards assessing the importance of monetary policy over the performance of an economy. An analysis of monetary policy of an economy suggests that it directly affects the growth rate of the economy in terms of affecting certain important factors including the availability of credit, balance of payment, inflation levels and also the equilibrium conditions (Rabin, 2001). Monetary policy is aimed at achieving control over the inflationary pressures that are prevalent in an economy and it is also quite crucial in allowing for achieving stability with respect to price levels across the economy. Monetary policy also plays an important role in contributing positively towards achieving positive level of economic performance conditions. Monetary policy for example can be utilised in bridging the balance of payment deficit across the economy. This suggests that there can be positive level of control that could be accomplished over the important economic indicators from the application of monetary policy in particular (Rochon and Olawoye, 2011). Monetary Policy Role over Exchange Rates and Employment Levels The role of monetary policy over the exchange rates and employment levels is also crucial. There can be expansionary or contractionary monetary policy. The monetary policy in an economy is mainly governed by the central bank and this is usually applied with a view to achieving higher level of exchange rates within the economy. Monetary policy also affects the employment levels in a direct way, as restrictive monetary policy is likely to dampen the growth of an economy, and force firms in performing redundancy of their workers, and this would contribute in a direct manner towards a rise in the unemployment levels across the economy. Thus, the analysis above indicates that there has been direct level of impact of monetary policy over the exchange rates and the employment conditions within an economy (Gal, 2009). Conclusion This report included the performance of a critical analysis especially in respect to analysing the relationship between the unemployment levels and the inflation rates in an economy and based on the performance of critical analysis, it has been evaluated that there has been the existence of inverse relationship between these two important economic indicators. An analysis suggests that when the inflation rates increases, it contributes towards a decline in the performance of unemployment rates in the economy. This has also been examined through the application of Philips Curve and also by way of applying relevant examples. Apart from this, there has also been analysis being carried out with respect to the performance of Vietnam economy as against these important indicators of economic performance, and the performance of analysis has resulted into identification that the inflation rate and the unemployment rate has been efficient enough at Vietnam from the point of view of entire econo mys performance and they are contributing in a positive manner towards accomplishing higher level of growth of the entire economys performance. The analysis of the growth trends across Vietnam economy has also indicated that there is positive growth being supported over the performance of the economy in the last decade but the recent performance level has showed a slight decline in the overall performance level of the Vietnam economy. Finally, an assessment has been carried out especially in respect to the role of monetary policy over the performance of economy, exchange rates and the employment levels and the carry out of analysis has indicated that monetary policy has been quite significant in affecting these important performance indicators in an economy. References Abel, A.B. (2011), Macroeconomics, Pearson Education India. Boyes, W. and Melvin, M. (2012), Economics, 9th ed., Cengage Learning. Gal, J. (2009), Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework, Princeton University Press. Hall, R. and Lieberman, M. (2009, Economics: Principles and Applications, 5th ed., Cengage Learning. Moomaw, R., Olson, K., McLean, W. and Applegate, M. (2009), Economics and Contemporary Issues, 8th ed., Cengage Learning. Rabin, J. (2001), Handbook of Monetary Policy, CRC Press. Rochon, L. and Olawoye, S.Y. (2011), Monetary Policy and Central Banking: New Directions in Post-Keynesian Theory, Edward Elgar Publishing. Tucker, I. (2010), Macroeconomics for Today, 7th ed., Cengage Learning. Vietnam Overview, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/vietnam/overview [Accessed: 28 January 2015]. Vietnam Unemployment Rate, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/unemployment-rate [Accessed: 28 January 2015]. Vietnam Inflation Rate, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/inflation-cpi [Accessed: 28 January 2015].

Impact of Leadership on Organizational Performance

Question: Describe about the impact of leadership on organizational performance. Answer: 1.0 Introduction: The current research work allows putting shed light on the research topic i.e. impact of leadership on organizational performance. Leadership is the most crucial factor for identifying the pathway of the organizational practices according to the considerations of the respective leadership styles. The current research work will be highly focused on identifying the actual influences of the different leadership styles on the performance of the organizations. In this context, the introduction will be highly effective for introducing the topic with the research work. The chapter will be extremely effective for initiating the research work. The chapter will investigate the background of the study so that the research can form coherent aim rationale for the study. The rational plays a great role in respect to setting up the research aim and objectives in a crucial fashion. The chapter will also focus on developing appropriate research question which will be able to guide the research projec t. 1.1. Background of the study: In the last few years, the leadership has progressed in a significant fashion in respect to management of the employees as well as organization at whole. The human resource management has effectively replaced the personnel administration. This scenario effectively enabled the management to perform in an effective fashion in respect to strategic integration of innovative styles of leadership (Von Krogh et al. 2012). There are various leadership styles which are used for the strategic integration of leadership which in turns assist to enhance the employee performance. Different leadership styles has been implementing from an early age on the basis of empowerment, amount of directions as well as decision making power requirement. The performances of the employees are affected by several crucial variables which are leadership styles, organization structure as well as environment. This leadership is highly categorized in three parts which are participative, democratic as well as autocratic. In this context the leadership styles are evidently independent variables and the employee performance is dependent variables. The leadership styles mainly implements varieties of techniques in order to execute a number of duties which has been defined by the organization, team input, meeting deadlines as well as achievement of department goals. 1.2. Statement of problem: It is highly necessary for the employee performance to execute various set of defined duties. In addition to that, competency of employees, deadline meeting, effectiveness as well as efficiency plays a crucial role. In the contemporary sector the organizations experiences a crucial amount of problem in respect to low productivity, poor innovation as well as inability for meeting target performances (Garca-Morales et al. 2012). The lacks of strategic interventions of the styles of leaderships were the major reason for these kinds of problems in the contemporary market. Thats why the understanding of the effects of leadership on the employee performance has been identified to be major demand for studying. The scholars deeply believe that the business leaders are considered as the propellers of the organization root. The contemporary technological world will be highly depended on the effective leadership styles. Therefore it is immensely necessary for every other organization to find out the different aspects of leadership styles as well as its influence on the organizational performance (Yukl 2012). 1.3. Research aim: The research work is aiming to investigate the impact of various leadership styles which are practiced in the current market on the performance of the employees. 1.4. Research objectives: The research objectives are highly important for guiding the pathway for conducting the research work. These objectives are mentioned below To investigate various aspects of leadership styles which are highly influential for the organizational performance To investigate the relationship between performance of organizations and effective styles of leadership To perceive the significance of styles of leadership in the performance of organizations To recommend the ways to improve the leadership styles that enhance the performance of organizations 1.5. Research Questions: What is the impact of effective style of leadership on organizational performance? What are the outcomes of the organization at the time of presence of effective leadership styles? What are the factors of leadership styles which influence the organizational performance? What are the best ways to improve the leadership styles which will influence the organizational performance? 1.6. Summary: The current introduction chapter will be most efficient for introducing the research problem so that the research work can determine the aims as well as objectives of the research work. These objectives will therefore significantly measure the research question which will be addressed in the study. Reference List: Bello, S. M., 2012. Impact of ethical leadership on employee job performance. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(11). Bergh, D. and Ketchen, D. J. 2012. Research methodology in Strategy and Management, 1st ed. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Brannen, J. 2012. Prologue, mixed methods for novice researchers: reflections and themes, International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(1), 812. Carter, S.M. and Greer, C.R., 2013. Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, p.1548051812471724. Cavazotte, F., Moreno, V., and Hickmann, M. 2012. Effects of leader intelligence, personality and emotional intelligence on transformational leadership and managerial performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 443-455.

Air pollution Essays

Air pollution Essays Air pollution Paper Air pollution Paper Vicar Guppy, M. D. , and Santos Ass , M. D. Stated in Air Pollution: Indian Scenario, Disease and malformation caused by air pollution is not a natural occurrence to be overlooked because if people themselves try to help reducing the pollutants, then health risk can be controlled. 5. RECOMMENDATION FOR AIR POLLUTION Solution efforts on pollution are always a big problem. Several attempts are being made worldwide on personal, industrial and governmental levels to curb the intensity at which Air Pollution is rising and regain a balance as far as the proportions of the foundation gases are concerned. This is a direct attempt at slacking Global warming. This is why prevention interventions are always a better way of controlling air pollution. We are seeing a series of innovations and experiments aimed at alternate and unconventional options to reduce pollutants. Air Pollution is one of the larger mirrors of mans follies, and a challenge we need to overcome to see a tomorrow. In many big cities, monitoring equipment has been installed at many points in the city. Authorities read them regularly to check the quality of air. The lesson to be taken is from the case study of Mexico City. The government introduced air laity improvement programs ? PICA and PAIRED that include, among other measures, a rotating one-weekday ban on private car use. On days of high pollution, the ban extends to every second day and some manufacturing activities are curtailed. In addition, car owners must have their vehicles certified every six months. The following are some recommendation action to reduce air pollution. . 1 Government (or community) Level prevention 5. 1. 1 Emphasis on clean energy resources Government throughout the world would have already taken action against air pollution by introducing green energy. Some governments are investing n clean energy technologies like wind energy and solar energy, as well as other renewable energy, to minimize burning of fossil fuels, which cause heavy air pollution. Governments are also forcing companies to be more responsible with their manufacturing activities, so that even though they still cause pollution, they are a lot controlled. 5. 1. Use energy efficient devices CFML lights consume less electricity as against their counterparts. They live longer, consume less electricity, lower electricity bills and also help you to reduce pollution by consuming less energy. Companies are also building ore energy efficient cars, which pollute less than before. 5. 2 Individual Level Prevention 5. 2. 1 Use public mode Of transportation Encourage your family to use the bus, train or bike when commuting. Also, try to make use of carpooling. If you and your colleagues come from the same locality and have same timings you can explore this option to save energy and money. If we all do this, there will be fewer cars on road and less fumes. 5. 2. 2 Conserve energy Use energy (light, water, boiler, kettle and fire woods) wisely. This is because lots of fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity, and so if we can cut own the use, we will also cut down the amount of pollution we create. 5. 2. 3 understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Recycle and re-use things. This will minimize the dependence of producing new things. Remember manufacturing industries create a lot of pollution, so if we can re-use things like shopping plastic bags, clothing, paper and bottles, it can help. . BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES or. Amandine Sings, MD, Dry. Vicar Guppy. MD, Dry. Santos ass, MD. (2009). Volume 10. Number 2. November 2009. Air Pollution : Indian Scenario in The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. Http://www. Sentimentality. S/ PAST. HTML . Accessed 9 October 2013. John Fletcher (201 1). Air Pollution . Geography. Michelle Hobbler, (2003). Health A n Ecosystem Approach. Wham. Dire. Ca/ cheesecloth . Accessed 9 October 2013. Website references: http://en. M. Wisped. Org/WI ski/Kyoto_protocol http://en. M. Wisped. Org/WI ski/Air_poll lotion http://environment. Cinematographic. Com/environment/global-warming/ pollution-overview http://schooldays. Com/pollution/air-pollution/air- pollution-prevention-HTML Mass. Gob/deep/air/aqua/envy_effects. HTML Conserve-energy-future. Com/causes-effects-solutions-of-air- pollution. PH . APPENDICES CASE STUDY : MEXICO CITY Taking Control of Air Pollution in Mexico City A clean air drive targets health improvements and health care savings Located in a pollutant-trapping valley, Mexico City ? one of the worlds largest cities ? has had limited success in battling suffocating air pollution. A new understanding of the health impacts of this pollution ? and of peoples role in both the problem and the solution ? could lead to better targeted, more effective air improvement programs. Famous for its size, its history, and the warmth of its people, Mexico City is also infamous for its air pollution. In 1992, the United Nations described the citys air as the most polluted on the planet. Six years later, that air earned Mexico the reputation of the most dangerous city in the world for children. This is a reputation Mexico has been working hard to improve. But despite more than a decade of stringent pollution-control measures, a dull haze hangs over the city most days, obscuring the stunning snow-capped mountains that frame the city and endangering the health of its inhabitants. Many factors have contributed to this situation: industrial growth, a population boom (from 3 million in 1950 to some 20 million today), and the relaxation of vehicles. More than 3. 5 million vehicles ? 30% of them more than 20 years old ? now ply the city streets. Geography conspires with human activity to produce a poisonous scenario. Located in the crater of an extinct volcano, Mexico City is about 2,240 meters above sea level. The lower atmospheric oxygen levels at this altitude cause incomplete fuel combustion in engines and higher emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds. Intense sunlight turns these noxious gases into higher than normal smog levels. In turn, the smog prevents the sun from eating the atmosphere enough to penetrate the inversion layer that blankets the city. Solving this problem has been a priority of the Metropolitan Environmental Commission, which is integrated with local and federal authorities. Recent efforts to curb emissions have been relatively successful. In the 1 9905, for instance, the government introduced air quality improvement programs ? PICA and PAIRED that include, among other measures, a rotating one-weekday ban on private car use. On days of high pollution, the ban extends to every second day and some manufacturing certified every six months. But if lead, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide are now under control, pollution levels of other contaminants are still far above air quality standards. A closer look at pollution When PAIRED concluded in 2000, environmental authorities undertook a longer, ambitious air quality improvement program: PAIRED 2002-2010. TO develop the program, however, accurate measures were needed to determine how improving air quality would improve health and reduce health expenditures. A number of questions also needed to be answered about the relationship between the citys inhabitants and air pollution: How do people perceive pollution? How does it affect them? What are they willing to do or pay for cleaner air? How can they be motivated to help solve it? The Mexico City government set out to answer these questions, with support from Canadas International Development Research Centre (DIRE) and the Netherlands Trust Fund through the World Bank and the Pan American Health Organization. If the first question was fairly simple ? what is the economic value of benefits reaped from reducing air pollution? ? answering it was not. No one really knows, or understands, the relationship between environmental contaminants and the health of inhabitants, says biologist Roberto Murmur Cruz, subdirectory of information and analysis at Mexico Citys atmospheric monitoring system, part of the Secretariat del Media Ambient (department of the environment). The Secretariat coordinated the project in collaboration with the Center National De Salad Ambient (national centre for environmental health), the nongovernmental organization GREECE (a study group on relations between the environment and behavior), and the Institute De Ia Meijer del District Federal (Womens Institute of Mexico City). The researchers focused on health hazards posed by the most serious Laotians in Mexico: ozone, produced when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in sunlight, and PM O ? resalable particulate matter less than 10 microns (0. 01 millimeters) in diameter. IMO comes from various sources, including road construction and dust, smoke-belching diesel trucks and buses, forest fires, and burning refuse in the open air. Both pollutants can irritate eyes, cause or aggravate a range of respiratory and cardiovascular ailments, and lead to premature death. Its not air pollution that kills people, explains Munson, but some people die sooner than they would otherwise. More than 20 researchers from eight academic, governmental, donor, and nongovernmental organizations in Mexico, the Netherlands, and the USA contributed to compiling and analyzing the findings of national and international studies of the health effects of ozone and PM O. Surveys were also carried out to determine peoples perceptions of the pollution problem, says Munson. A population exposure model was then developed, using data from Mexico sophisticated air-monitoring network. The study estimated that pollution levels in 2010 will be much the same as in the late sass when ozone levels exceeded standards on almost 90% of days ND IMO on 30% to 50% of days, explains Dry Victor Boors Abort, former Director of the Center National De Salad Ambient at the Secretariat De Salad and now coordinator of workplace health, who led the projects first module. Tangible benefits Earlier efforts to assess the Costs Of pollution in Mexico City had focused on direct medical costs such as medicines and hospital visits and on productivity losses ? income lost by those who were sick. This study, however, sought to provide a more comprehensive picture. Air quality and exposure meddlers, epidemiologists and public health specialists, economists and statisticians assessed a wide range of health benefits and savings, including peoples willingness to pay for better health and a potentially longer life. Communications and social participation specialists worked to understand peoples perceptions and get at indirect costs because, as Munson explains, not only do people who get sick lose days from work, but also mothers stay home to take care of the children who get sick. It was an important transcriptional experience, says Munson. Bringing together different disciplines to provide a holistic picture ? an approach central to cheesecloth research ? proved very successful. And a strong connection was forged between the institutions and between government and research institutes. The research concluded that reducing PM 0 would yield the greatest health and financial benefits : each micrograms per cubic centimeter reduction would be worth about CSS$1 00 million a year. Reducing both ozone and IMO by just 10% would result in average savings offs$760 million a year. In human terms that would translate into, for example, 33,287 fewer emergency room visits for respiratory distress in 2010 and 88 fewer hospital admissions for the same problem. In addition, says Mums, it would lead to 266 fewer infant deaths a year an important consideration not valuated. Clearly this justifies relatively high expenditures to further reduce polluting emissions, Munson says. Much to the projects credit, this detailed information provided the scientific underpinning of PAIRED 2002-2010, which calls for close to US$15 billion of public and private investments in air quality improvement projects. The information has also been made available to the international community through a number of publications. What do Mexicans think? If people largely cause air pollution, they must also be involved in cleaning it up. Certainly the original PAIRED program recognized this and included various formal and informal programs to inform people about the problem and invite them to action. It recognized that a cultural change was needed to modify the society-city-environment relation, says Munson. But in a city as large and as socially and culturally diverse as Mexico, that proved no easy task. The research team surveyed close to 4,000 residents in all sectors or delegations of the city. Completed questionnaires showed that close to 30% believe the governments motives in seeking to reduce air pollution are silvering. More than 30% also think that the governments online air quality reports are false. (http://148. 243. 232. 103/amicable/) In fact, says Munson, We found that most people dont even consult the official information.

Osteoarthritis essays

Osteoarthritis essays The Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis is the affection of articular cartilage, along with the synovial fluid in the joint, permitting almost frictionless movement of joint bones at their points of contact. The frictional resistance of normal joints is the cartilage layer to absorb the shock associated with joint use. When weight is loaded onto the joint, the cartilage layer compresses. Once the weight is removed, the cartilage rebounds to its original dimensions. The articular cartilage is firmly attached to its underlying subchondral bone by a subchondral plate. This allows the subchondral plate to act as a shock absorber, which protects the joint from applied stresses. A thin layer of calcified cartilage separates the noncalcified or articular cartilage from its bony subchondral bed. The interface between the calcified cartilage and articular cartilage is known as the tidemark. The articular cartilage, with the subchondral bone and the surrounding skeletal muscles, supports even di stribution of weight loading across the entire joint structure. Osteoarthritis is a very common condition where the joints are affected by degeneration, often described as "wear and tear" arthritis. This can start from our early teens and gets worse as we grow older into adulthood. Wear and tear" does account for a large percentage of the problem, but there are many examples of people who have had very similar lives, one of whom will have virtually perfect joints, while the other will have really quite severe osteoarthritis. Thus there must be an inbuilt susceptibility in the protection against such disease. Symptoms in OA tend to get worse with activity, so that the end of the day is the worst time (in contrast to inflammatory arthritis). There may be hard, bony swelling of the joints, and a gritty feeling (or even noise) when the joint is moved (this is called crepitus). The symptoms of osteoarthritis are mainly pain, swe ...

JRN WEEK3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

JRN WEEK3 - Coursework Example There are many individuals who have no idea of what global warming is and how to prevent it. The media only focus on natural disasters when they happen and offer no assistance in terms of knowledge. Dr. Martin Patchen challenges the media to provide more comprehensive coverage on social issues, and global warming should be prioritized. Since the media reaches millions of viewers, it can educate people on how ways to combat global warming. Global warming is to blame for the natural disasters that are rocking our world today, for example, the floods that have devastated the city of Houston, Texas in the United States. The media does not tend to long-term issues they instead tend to focus on short-term problems so they can move on to other stories. Global warming is real and they sooner the media realize it, they can take it upon themselves to educate the general public. People tend to remember the effects of global warming when disaster strikes. Patiently waiting for others to handle global warming is a misguided conception, and each person has the responsibility of reduce the risks of global warming. Some of the activities that can decrease the risk of global warming include pla nting trees and decreasing the percentage of greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon

Mental Skills Training Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mental Skills Training Program - Essay Example Based on a recent performance profile, it is found that I lack two mental skills. Imagery and confidence are mental skills currently lacked. The two lacked mental skills are important for everyday life. Imagery helps the mind focus on seeing things that have happened in the past, things that are happening now and events that may happen in the future. Portraying these images in a positive or negative way is a mental imagery skill. Confidence as a mental skill controls how actions are made, decisions in life and the way someone feels. Each one of these mental skills contributes to decisions that are made in everyday life. These mental skills also affect an athlete’s performance. What does imagery as a mental skill do? Imagery as a mental skill is basically the ability to go over an event and imagine what the outcome will be. This goes hand in hand with confidence. Having strong confidence will help the imagery skill imagine a more positive outcome. A positive outcome and better confidence will lead to higher performance. Setting up a plan to improve these skills will help improve confidence and the mental ability to imagine better outcomes. Improving each one of these skills can help an individual go further in live and outperform others. In an article from the Journal of Education for Business, a study has shown that the use of negotiation classes can help build an individual’s confidence which will help the individual become more successful. Becoming better at negotiating will improve performance by a huge amount. Improved performance will lead to better confidence. I plan on using negotiation as a way to improve my confidence mental skill. Duration and repetition will aid in creating a mental skills training program that works on my weaker areas. To obtain better negotiating skills and better confidence I plan on using negotiating and becoming more comfortable negotiating with others. I will practice becoming comfortable negotiating for a month. Twice a week for the first month I will try to negotiate events that I would otherwise ignore. These events will be smaller things like household activities and small individual confrontations. After the first month, I can then begin using real world scenarios for negotiating. These negotiating skills may need to be modified to a class like session. If practicing negotiating on my own terms proves to be unsuccessful, the training can be modified to include negotiating classes. Another great way that was found to assist in improving mental skills was discovered by a research study conducted by International Education Studies. The research study was performed on college level soccer players. The soccer players were given different techniques to try and improve different mental skills like imagery, attention and motivation. The study showed that relaxation was the best improver. Relaxation was able to help the players relax by reducing muscle tension and improving focus. Becoming more relaxed before and after games, improved performance. Since relaxation has shown to have great imagery affects, relaxation will be part of the program used to improve weaker mental skills. In order to use relaxation to improve imagery,

Measuring Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry Essay

Measuring Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry - Essay Example This savaging effect of global economic crisis has proven to be a real challenge to the UK hotel industry. With a decline in demand due to decrease in the number of travellers, UK hotels are pushed to intensify their marketing strategies to tap the available market. One factor then that hotel owners should look at is how to drive the demand up basing on the quality of their products and services. A careful investigation of this aspect of hotel business is of paramount interest both to the government and to the private sectors as well. It is also essential information to the UK Hotel customers, both local and foreign. It is an interest to the government so that they will have information as to where to help in improving the customer relations of UK Hotels. While for the private sectors, this study will give valuable information as to how customer satisfaction can be improves, both in the hotel and in the non-hotel industry. This study specifically touches on the aspect of customer satisfaction from the UK Hotel Industry, particularly to know if hotels are aware of the level of their customers' satisfaction and to know what particular methods they use to ascertain this. It also aims to look whether customer satisfaction varies with the type of hotels as to local or international, and as to big, medium or small hotel Specifically, we wish to answer the following questions: a) Is customer satisfaction important in the UK hotel industry b) How important is customer satisfaction to UK hotels c) What is the level of implementation of customer related process within the hotel industry d) What is the level of awareness of the UK Hotels to TQM e) What methods of ensuring total quality are employed within the hotel f) What is the difference between local and international hotels in terms of customer satisfaction Small, medium and big THEORETICAL BASIS Business Dictionary defines customer satisfaction as "Degree of satisfaction provided by the goods or services of a firm as measured by the number of repeat customers" (BusinessDictionary.com). BNET Business Dictionary defines it as "the degree to which customer expectations of a product or service are met or exceeded" (CBS Interactive Inc.). The increase in competition is forcing more businesses to give much attention to satisfying the customers (Authenticity Consulting, LLC). Customer satisfaction in the UK was found to be a key weapon for competitive differentiation and customer retention (Horsnell 1998). Because of this, guest satisfaction is found to be a common practice as managers found out that excellent customer service is essential for their organization's health (Horsnell 1998). Customer satisfaction is the paramount criterion used to determine the quality that is actually given to customers through products/services and other accompanying services (Vavra 1997). More and more studies have revealed the importance of customer satisfaction. It is of great importance to business firms as it fuels repeat purchases and word-of-mouth recemmendation (H.W Berkman 1986). "Satisfaction reinforces positive attitudes toward the brand, leading to greater likelihood that the

Emotional Regulation Conflict Management Style in Students

Emotional Regulation Conflict Management Style in Students Abstract EMOTIONAL REGULATION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS M. VIJAY * S. KADHIRAVAN ** Research scholar Research supervisor This study examines about university students’ emotional regulation and conflict management style on the basis of demographic variables such as, stream of study, year of study and type of family. The researcher has employed the descriptive survey method for this study and the sample was carried from university students in Salem. The sample size is N=93, and‘t’ test, Pearson’s r and ANOVA were used and the data was analyzed through SPSS.V.22. This study reveals that students from arts and science background haven’t differed in their emotional regulation, first and final year students have partially differed in their emotional regulation than their conflict management style and finally students from nuclear family background have partially differed in their emotional regulation than the counterpart. The study concludes that, emotional regulation partially correlated with conflict management style at 0.05 levels. Key words: Emotional regulation, Conflict management style. INTRODUCTION Students are come across from many events in their life. Perhaps, events are generates some emotional reactions; those reactions invite either positive or negative consequences. Emotions are complex reaction that would not raise isolate, it is involved with internal subjective feelings and as well as influence of socio-cultural factors. When separating the problem students have different opinions, creative thoughts, skills, and values to directing the goals. In these context, when the person wants engaging an activity that is incongruent with his/her interest or needs lead to disagreement. An even disagreement produces some emotional reaction. In these contexts emotional regulation help to cope students’ emotional reaction, which means, it deal with any coping strategy used by the individual when deal with an unnecessary thoughts, feelings and emotions. In order to use managing conflict style also helps to coping their incongruent conflict issues in good manner. EMOTIONAL REGULATION In the stage of adolescence to adulthood is a major obstacle to move up for everyone because, in these stage people are inviting many commitments for showing their values in the social system.Through inviting more commitments people are experiencing emotional events. In these context, emotional regulation help to cope their emotion in wider perspective. Emotional regulation refers to extrinsic and intrinsic processes responsible for observing, assessing and modifying emotional reactions, in particular their exhaustive and temporal features toachieve one’s own goals Thompson (1994). Emotional regulation is a coping mechanism, it is concerned with emotions context whatever people areraised. There are two specific strategies often involving to regulate people emotions effectively, such as, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Cognitive reappraisal strategies deal with cognitive changes such as thinking, feeling, creating new ideas to interpreting emotional stimulus w hich means it involves recognition of the individual’s negative emotional response and reinterpretation of the situation by exchanging the negative thoughts to increasing positive thoughts. Expressive suppression also involves emotional regulation, it means, person’s knowledge about the causes of emotion that inhibiting ongoing emotional expressive behavior. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLE When students are require to perform some activity that is incongruent with their interest leads disagreement. According to Rahim (1992) Conflict is an interactive process that manifested in incompatibility, disagreement or dissonance within or social entities. Conflict management refers to minimizing the negative outcomes of conflict and promotes the positive outcomes of conflict with the goal of improving learning in an organization. (Rahim, 2002).Conflict management helps to recognize, cope and to direct the conflict from negative aspect to positive manner. Rahim (1979) who psychologist, conceptualized five different conflict management styles to cope students’ conflict situation in an effective mode, there are, (I) integrating style, which involves high concern for self and others., (II) obliging style, it involves person who concerning low level for their own self and concerning high level for others, (III) dominating style, it involving high level of concern for their ow n self and as well low level of concern for others, (IV) avoiding style involves low level of concern for their own and also others and (V) compromising style involves equal concern for own and others. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The review of literature in the research study helps researcher to gain some knowledge and insight in to the purpose and the result of the study. Studies on emotional regulation and conflict management style are given below. Ahmet yigit and ahmwtozpolat (2014) conducted research on emotional regulation strategies as a predictor of life satisfaction of university students based on parent profession, income level and educational background. They found cognitive reappraisal strategy directly predict life satisfaction of parent profession, income level and educational background. Gulcimenyurtsever (2014) investigated negotiator profit predicated by cognitive reappraisal, suppression of emotions, and misrepresentation of information and tolerance of ambiguity among undergraduate students. The result reveled that negative coefficients were obtained from scored between emotional reaction and cognitive reappraisal and tolerance of ambiguity. PiiaNaykki and SannaJarvela (2014) examined socio-emotional conflict in collaborative learning of higher education context. Collaborative work of higher education students was followed during a three month course. The result indicate that has students are more experienced in socio-emotional challenges and adopt avoidance-focused emotion regulation behavior and to lower their on task engagement. Jianzhongxu (2013) conducted research on individual and group level factors for students’ emotion management in online collaborative group work in united state. The researcher found that, emotion management in group work was positively related to feed back, learning oriented reasons, arranging the environment. In addition compared with part-time students, fulltime students were more initiative in managing their emotions with doing online group work. Nicole M. Monteiro and Shyngle K (2014) examined the emotion regulation of coping strategies among university students in Botswana. The result indicate that students’ emotional suppression was positively correlated with problem solving, cognitive restructuring, expressing emotion, social support, problem avoidance and wishful thinking coping strategies. Ishfaq Ahmed and Muhammad (2010) studied about personality does affect conflict handling style among college students. The researchers’ found that personality affects avoiding and competing style of conflict management style. Hidetomorita (2003) investigated conflict management style of American and Japanese with close friendships among college students. He found that dominating and obliging style of conflict management often by American students than Japanese. Hossein Khanaki (2010) examined conflict management style among engineering students and experience engineers from Iran. The result reveled that experience engineers often prefer to avoid conflict management style and similarly both of them generally showed a lack of inters in competing style. Joanne C.Y. Chan (2014) examined conflict management styles, emotional intelligence and implicit theory of personality of nursing students. The researcher found that students often used obliging and integrating style than dominating style conflict management style for clinical supervisions. Eunjookim and ayano Yamaguchi (2014) investigated the effects of taking conflict personality on conflict management style across culture among undergraduate students. The researchers’ found that taking conflict personality indicated positive relation with participant’s conflict management style. Sehrish Hassan and Muhammad (2015) examined the relationship between conflict management, social support among university students in Pakistan. The result found that social support was not significantly correlated with conflict management styles and female students’ social support shown higher than males’. Tong Yu and guo-mingchen (2008) investigated intercultural sensitivity and conflict management styles in cross-cultural organizational situations among university students. The result revealed that moderate relationship between the two concepts and among respective dimensions. On above related literature provides detail knowledge about present status of emotional regulation and conflict management style. The researcher examines the relationship between emotional regulation and conflict management style among university students with the help of previous related literature knowledge. NEED FOR THE STUDY Emotions are develops throughout the life span. It does not arise in isolation; it is a combination of cognitive, behavioral and socio-cultural influences. Every student were experienced by emotional and conflict events, but they know how, where and which type of decision would aid to solve the problem. In these situations, emotional regulation and conflict management style would help to handle students’ problems in good manner. This study would help to examine the relationship between emotional regulation and conflict management style of university students’. HYPOTHESES Emotional regulation will be correlate with conflict management style of university students. Students from arts and science will be significantly differs in their emotional regulation. Students from first and final year will be significantly differs in their emotional regulation and as well as conflict management style. Students from nuclear and joint family will be significantly differs in their emotional regulation. RESEARCH METHOD The researcher has used descriptive survey method for this study. This study analyzes the relationship between emotional regulation and conflict management style of university students. The researcher has exploit incidental sampling method for select the participant in university. Students from first and final year were selected as a sample for this study. The data were collected from 160 students and finally only N=93 were selected for this study and also remaining data was eliminated on the consideration of spurious data. Emotional regulation questionnaire (ERQ) by Gross and john (2003) and conflict management style by Johnson (1990) were used for this study. The selected data were scored as per the scoring norms and also analyzed with the help of SPSS V-22. The data was in additionally promote to classified on the basis of stream of study [arts= 40; science = 53], year of study [first=59; final = 34] and the type of family [nuclear = 66; joint 27]. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table-1 shows the difference between arts and science students in their emotional regulation. Table-1 From the table-1 it is found that the ‘t’ values are not significant for any one of the facet of emotional regulation. Hence the hypothesis is not accepted. It is concluded that students from arts and science stream did not differ in their emotional regulation. Table-2 shows the difference between first and final year students in their emotional regulation. Table-2 From the table-2 it is observed that the t-values are significant for cognitive reappraisal facet of emotional regulation than expressive suppression facet. It is indicate that first year students are often using their cognitive reappraisal strategies in their emotional regulation than final year students. First and final year students are significantly differ in their emotional regulation. Hence the hypothesis is accepted. Table-2.1 shows the difference between first and final year students in their conflict management style. Tabe-2.1 From the table-2.1 it is found that the t-values are not significant in none of the dimension of conflict management style.Hence the hypothesis is not accepted for conflict management style, but this hypothesis is accepted for emotional regulation. In general, it is concluded that the first and final year university students are differ in their emotional regulation than their conflict management style. Table-3 shows the difference between nuclear and joint family students in their emotional regulation Table-3 From the table-3 it is observed that the t-values are significant for cognitive reappraisal facet of emotional regulation than expressive suppression facet on the basis of students’ type of family. The table indicates that students from nuclear families are often used their cognitive reappraisal strategies in their emotional regulation rather than expressive suppression strategies. In general students from nuclear and joint families are partially differing in their emotional regulation. Hence the hypothesis is accepted. Table-4: Shows the correlation between emotional regulation and conflict management styles of university students. Table-1 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). From Table-4 it is found that the students’ emotional regulation is partially correlated with conflict management style. There are two strategies specifically involving in emotional regulation such as expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, this table shows that cognitive reappraisal facet is significantly correlated with collaborating style of conflict management style at the level of 0.05 (2-tailed). Cognitive reappraisal facet deals with person’s cognitive changes, such as, thinking, feeling, creating new ideas to interpreting emotional stimulus which means it involves recognition of the individual’s negative emotional response and reinterpretation of the situation by exchanging the negative thoughts to increasing positive thoughts. In addition collaborating style indicates that person’s high level of assertiveness and cooperation, it also attempts to provide the best solutions in conflict situation. In other hand, expressive suppression facet did not correlate with any dimension of conflict management style of university students. It indicates that university students are often using cognitive reappraisal facet of emotional regulation than expressive suppressive suppression. In general students’ emotional regulation and conflict management styles are significantly correlates at the level of 0.05. Hence, the hypothesis is accepted. CONCLUSSION Table-1 shows university students’ emotional regulations do not significantly differ in their basis of stream of study. Table-2 shows university students’ emotional regulation differences on the basis of year of study. First and final year students are significantly differ in their cognitive reappraisal facet than expressive suppression facet, and table-2.1 shows the difference about students’ conflict management style on the basis of year of study. It shows students from first and final year do not differs in their conflict management style. In addition table-3 shows the students’ differences on the basis of type of family in their emotional regulation.Table-4 shows university students’ emotional regulation strategies partially correlated with collaborating style of conflict management style. From the discussion we conclude that, students from nuclear and joint families are partially differing in their emotional regulation. In general, over all fin dings shows university students’ emotional regulation are partially correlated with conflict management style, and the study conclude that university students’ emotional regulation positively correlated with conflict management style. REFERENCES Chan, J. C., Sit, E. N., and Lau, W. M. (2014). Conflict management styles, emotional intelligence and implicit theories of personality of nursing students: a cross-sectional study.Nurse education today,34(6), 934-939. joo Kim, E., Yamaguchi, A., Kim, M. S., and Miyahara, A. (2015). Effects of taking conflict personally on conflict management styles across cultures. Personality and Individual Differences,72, 143-149. Hassan, S., Aqeel, M., and Hussain, W. (2015). The relationship between conflict management and social support among university students. Yu, T., Chen, G. M. (2008). Intercultural sensitivity and conflict management styles in cross-cultural organizational situations. Ulcimen Yurtsever (2008). Negotiators profit predicate by cognitive reappraisal, suppression of emotions, misrepresentation of information, and tolerance of ambiguity. Perceptual and Motor Skills: Vol 106, Issue, pp. 590-608. Scott, J. P., DiLillo, D., and Watkins, L. (2015). Negative urgency and emotion regulation strategy use: associations with displaced aggression.Aggressive behavior. March2015. Yigit, A., Ozpolat, A. R., and Kandemir, M. (2014). Emotion regulation strategies as a predictor of life satisfaction in university students.Journal of Psychology,2014. Vol.5. (2014). Monteiro, N. M., Balogun, S. K., and Oratile, K. N. (2014). Managing stress: the influence of gender, age and emotion regulation on coping among university students in Botswana.International journal of adolescence and youth, Vol19(2), 2014. NÃ ¤ykki, P., Jarvela, S., Kirschner, P. A., and Jarvenoja, H. (2014). Socio-emotional conflicts in collaborative learning a process-oriented case study in a higher education context.International Journal of Educational Research,68, 1-14. Vol 68, Pages 1–14, 2014. Xu, J., Du, J., and Fan, X. (2013). Individual and group-level factors for students emotion management in online collaborative group work.The internet and higher education, vol19, pages 1-9.

Dells Successful Use of the Internet as a Selling Channel Essay

Dell's Successful Use of the Internet as a Selling Channel Dell are currently the worlds number one PC supplier, a position in the market they took from Compaq in April 2001. In short, the company’s success story is mainly down to their innovative direct business model, which pays particular attention to the selling process where Dell completely bypasses all intermediaries and/or middlemen. This is because Michael Dell believed they add little if no value to the end product, instead just gaining a considerable mark-up for selling the product. Hence, they became the first PC manufacturer to completely cut out retailers and instead sold customised computers directly to customers based on their exact specifications. This selling process began over the telephone and via catalogues but in 1996 Dell embarked on Internet based selling on their official website, Dell.com, providing customers the opportunity to buy desktops, notebooks and servers directly from them. In order to power online commerce successfully for any business, the basic technology required is the installation of servers and data-storage systems. The website Dell.com runs on industry standard Dell PowerEdge servers. These powerful servers are backed up by Dell/EMC Fibre Channel storage. Dell is therefore equipped with backup strategies in case any problems with the servers or software occur and are experienced. This is crucial, as users may begin to view this distribution channel as unreliable if breakdowns are recurrent and could detract them from not only buying from Dell.com but from anything from the company. According to company internal metrics, Dell.com is one of the most responsive web sites on the Internet, with an average download time of 1 second for a page. That briefly explains the technology used to power the website however customers can access it simply via an Internet browser, the most popular being Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Explorer. Dell’s direct business model (can be seen on the page three) may be simple in theory however it is very complicated executing it in reality. Building PC’s to order means that they must have the parts and components on hand to build a wide range of possible specifications over a short period of time (to ensure minimum time between order and manufacture). To complete these orders quickly, Dell must have first-rate manufacturing and ... ...ffective they are. As mentioned, customer service has also improved from an already high standard even further. Dell has created many services online that enables the customer to see the whole purchasing process clearly once they have made an order. It gives the customer the ability to track the progress of their order as it is produced and delivered, providing them with constant feedback of delivery dates and product information. This 24-hour customer service and fast response time helps Dell build a strong relationship with customers. References ---------- The key references handed in earlier referred to the two links below: - http://www1.euro.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/home?c= uk&l=en&s=corp - http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/ en/2003/2003_10_20_rr_002?c=us&l=en&s=corp Further websites were found with useful detail on Dell’s direct selling model: - http://www.internetretailer.com/article.asp?id=6717 - http://www.microsoft.com/resources/casestudies/casestudy.asp?CaseStudy ID=14674 - http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/policy/en/policy? c=us&l=en&s=gen&~ck=lf&~section=006

A Study on the Demographic Factors Influencing the Adoption of E-Banking in India Essay

E – Banking has become a rising concern for academics. It is the innovation of e- banking that has resulted in cost and time reduction for the employees and consumers for the completion of their banking transactions. Banks have now devised more internet based solutions. The research has a wide scope as it focuses on the factors that influence the acceptance of the software offered by banks. Overview In the recent years information technology has fundamentally changed the banking industry worldwide. The innovation of internet banking has changed the way banking is being done and has offered the banks with a lot of challenges and opportunities. Banking industry faces a critical challenge in the adoption of online banking as the knowledge is very limited in India and there is an essential need to study that. The slow adoption of e- banking in India can also be because of poor education, economies, infrastructure and trust also plays an important role. This research will help in understanding the factors that affect the adoption of internet banking such as social, demographic and customer attitudes and perception which will enable banks to find out solutions to attract the customers through the e- banking services and hence gain a high market share in the banking industry. The motivation for this research arose because there has been a rapid development of e- banking in India but the concern is that whether customers demand for these services based on their income, education, internet usage and levels of customer ownership and acceptance. There has been an increase in the number of internet users but a very small fraction of those do their banking transactions online because of lack of trust and several other factors. This study will explore e- banking facilities through the consumer’s eyes and seek to understand the attitude and behavior of consumers towards e-banking which will help the banks to formulate campaigns to encourage the adoption of e-banking. Research Question This research will examine the factors playing an important role in the adoption of e- banking by the people in India. This report will give a recommendation on the improvement of the banks future course of action for the increasing use of e- banking. The final report will benefit the bank in improving the accessibility of the service to improve the adoption of e- banking which will form the basis of the research. The research includes the following questions: 1. What are the drivers for the adoption of e- banking in India? 2. What is the influence and role of age on the adoption of e- banking? 3. What is the influence of education and its role on adoption of e- banking? 4. What is the influence of income and its role on adoption of e- banking? 5. What is influence of trust or social influence or social status in accepting internet banking? 6. What are the steps recommended that should be undertaken by banks to improve the adoption among customers? Aim The main aim of the research is to point out on the barriers and benefits of adopting e-banking services in India and enriching the understanding and knowledge of factors influencing the adoption of e- banking services. Objectives 1. To examine the role of income, age, education, social status and their impacts on adoption of e- banking in India. 2. To understand other factors responsible for the acceptance of e – banking. 3. To understand the importance of e- banking in the improvement of banking facilities provided to the customers. 4. To understand the risks faced from e – banking  5. To describe the demographic difference between the users of e-banking and the nonusers, this will help understand the behavioral strategies of the customers. 6. Develop recommendations for banks on improving the accessibility and security for the customers. 7. To analyze the factors that discourages the customers from using e- banking services. Literature Review The research is based on theory testing. A number of factors have been identified that are responsible for the hampering or proliferation of adoption of technology among general public (Kumbhar, 2011). Recently, internet has been found as the prime channel for devising banking solutions for general public (Kumbhar, 2011, Tan et al., 2009). This popularity of internet has made the global and local competition very fierce (Gan.C, Mike.C, Limsombunchai.V.et.al 2006). The behavior or intentions of people have been considered as the main determinant in successful adoption of internet and technology (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). Researcher in the past have paid attention to the factors such as convenience, trialability, compatibility and relative advantage for the adoption of new technology, with almost less attention towards the demographic factors and their influence (Or et al., 2011, Rogers,1995). There are very few who have identified factors of age, income and education level and gender on the acceptance of the banking technologies (Al-Gahtani and King, 1999, Al-Somali et al., 2008). Moreover, age, accessibility of internet, education and the awareness of electronic banking and resistance of users were of paramount importance (Sohail and Shanmugham, 2004). Others have identified age, marital status, ethical background, qualification, income and residence area as the drivers (Gan et al., 2006). The disparities among the adoption of male and female users were deemed to be varying according to studies (Sharman and Kirsty, 2006). Many of the researchers have based their findings on the empirical evidence that acceptance of electronic banking is more in cases with higher level of education and higher level financial status in consumers or general public (Kolodinsky et al., 2000). Individual attitudes that consumers have and their beliefs are of more importance that factors of demographics for the adoption of new technology (Kolodinsky et al., 2000). Other factors such as privacy, security and convenience were found to be more prevalent among female users than males (Shergill and Li, 2005). Context The banking industry has revolutionized with the advances in information technology and the emergence of electronic banking. Increase in the competition and globalization has resulted in the change of the banking and the financial services. There is a rapid change in the demand of these financial services and the consumer’s behavior towards these services. It has become necessary to adopt new strategies with the change of traditional banking to electronic banking. Studies show that the awareness of new technologies and software in India is less which is the biggest obstacle. Though the e- banking system has reached globally there is huge gap in the adoption of these services between the developed countries and the developing countries. (licker and Motts, 2004). The problem in India is that the customers have not transferred their attitude towards using bank operations over the internet they believe in the old traditional way of banking. Some customers do not know how to use a computer others do not like the technology. There is lack of proper infrastructure and the internet connections are broken and slow in some places. Customers are not very confident using ATM machines. They are afraid of making purchases over the internet as they think that any small error will result in loosing money. Many people find the internet connections costs expensive. Despite of having such easy and better internet banking services the customers do not use it therefore the customer’s acceptance of e- banking need to be understood and the factors affecting the intention of their use of e – banking. The issue is critical as the answer to it will help in promoting a new form of e – banking system in future.

Epidendrosaurus - Facts and Figures

Epidendrosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Epidendrosaurus (Greek for lizard in the tree); pronounced EP-ih-DEN-dro-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Jurassic (150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 6 inches long and a few ounces Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Tiny size; long arms with clawed hands About Epidendrosaurus Archaeopteryx gets all the headlines, but theres a convincing case to be made that Epidendrosaurus was the first reptile to be closer to a bird than to a dinosaur. This pint-sized theropod was less than half the size of its more famous cousin, and its a sure bet that it was covered with feathers. Most notably, Epidendrosaurus appears to have been adapted to an arboreal (tree-dwelling) lifestyleits small size would have made it a simple matter to hop from branch to branch, and its long, curved claws were likely used to pry insects from tree bark. So was the late Jurassic Epidendrosaurus really a bird rather than a dinosaur? As with all of the feathered dino-birds, as these reptiles are called, its impossible to say. Its better to think of the categories of bird and dinosaur as lying along a continuum, with some genera closer to either extreme and some smack in the middle. (By the way, some paleontologists believe that Epidendrosaurus should actually be subsumed under another dino-bird genus, Scansoriopteryx.)

Northern Rock Bank

Northern Rock Bank Introduction Northern Rock is a bank operating under the umbrella of Virgin Money in the United Kingdom. It was established in 1965 and 30 years down the line, it had acquired approximately 53 building societies in England.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Northern Rock Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the years this bank was being considered as one of the top lenders in the UK, especially in relation to mortgages. Prior to 2007, Northern rock had an investment plan which was to result in securitization. This according to Milne Wood involved â€Å"borrowing heavily in the UK and international money markets, extending mortgages to customers based on this funding and then re-selling these mortgages on international capital markets† (518). This, however, failed in 2007, when, owing to the global financial crisis, the demand for credit facilities from investors went down and Northern Rock was unable to pay back the credit it had obtained from the money markets. Lender of last resort This is a facility that allows banks to survive a financial crisis. It is mostly offered by the central bank. When Northern Rock was faced with the liquidity crisis in 2007, it looked up to the Bank of England for emergency support but this was not possible since it could not provide the facility. Many scholars, including Vesala (2006), Herring (2007), and Shin (2009) blame the situation in Northern Rock to the inability of the Bank of England to act promptly indicating that had it performed its role as a lender of last resort, the bank run would have been avoided. In fact, Shin indicates that â€Å"in its role as a lender of last resort, the Bank of England had been able to exert significant moral suasion over the banking sector, and the discount office was able to obtain information from banks on a purely informal basis† (2009,p.103).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other scholars believe that the Bank of England failed to act because Northern Bank had not provided it with sufficient information concerning its discount facilities. They also argue that the management of Northern Rock failed to heed to liquidity warnings and this acted as a hindrance when they needed assistance. These claims are, however, refuted by Freixas et al (2009). He asserts that a central bank is expected to perform its role irrespective of the actions of the other party (151). He states that â€Å"even when the central bank does not have the formal statutory responsibility for banking supervision, it can still obtain the information it needs to act as lender of last resort† (2009,p.152). Kane (2008) believes that the Northern rock issues exposed the faults in the government with regard to dealing with financial crisis. These faults include â€Å"the workings of e mergency liquidity assistance, some others the workings of deposit insurance and some others the insolvency and pre-insolvency arrangements† (2008, p.50). All these boil down to the functions of the Central bank as a lender of last resort. Financial crises in banks are one of the greatest challenges in most economies, since failure of banks spells out a failure in the entire economy. Liquidity lending is therefore considered to be an important factor since it is usually the solution to most banks going through a crisis. Some of the instruments available to governments dealing with financial crises include â€Å"the central bank’s role as a lender of last resort, deposit insurance schemes, government’s policies to shield depositors’ insolvency laws, among other preventive measures† (FSA internal Audit division, 2008, p. 39). Despite all the other actions, the lender of last resort factor is the most effective since it provides the banks with the cred it facilities to continue with their operations promptly. Prior to the crisis, Northern Rock was a successful institution though not influential to the point of thinking its failure would affect the economy in any way. This issue however attracted the attention of many financial analysts since it brought out the weaknesses of the Bank of England in dealing with crises faced by the banks.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Northern Rock Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to this exposure, the government made a commitment to offer the required liquidity, and this worked since the bank run in Northern Rock stopped instantly. House of Commons (2008) therefore made a conclusion from this issue that the run would have been avoided all together, if all parties had been playing their roles effectively. This can, however, not be blamed on the Bank of England since it had not dealt with such an issue in the recent pa st. The activities in relation to acting as a lender of last resort were rarely carried out, hence the policies were outdated. This explains why the situation caught all relevant bodies including Northern Rock itself by surprise (House of Commons, 2008, p. 23). Northern rock and the FSA In the view of financial analysts, the crisis that hit Northern Rock in 2007 was predictable and some even argue that the crisis was not related to the activities of Northern bank per se. It is believed that the Financial Services Authority (FSA) played a major role in this. An article by Bank of England (2007) made an observation that FSA had given Northern Rock warnings concerning â€Å"the evolving trends in the market which included; sharp asset growth, systemic underpricing of risk, and the risk shifting characteristics of new financial instruments which would not be as water tight as they appeared to be† (2007,p. 2). FSA also indicated that the strategies being used by Northern Rock were unstable since they were depending on large scale market funding; hence, placing the institution in a risky liquidity position. Besides this, FSA had also made an observation in the government’s regulatory system which it claims had a number of loopholes that exposed the financial institutions to issues similar to those of Northern Rock. These, according to FSA (2008) included â€Å"a fundamental flaw in the depository protection scheme, lack of established special bankruptcy regime for banks, lack of predictable resolution regime for handling troubled banks and the existence of an institutional structure of financial supervision that separated responsibility for systemic stability and lender of last resort from prudential supervision of individual banks† (FSA, 2008, p. 33).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Owing to the financial stability that had been witnessed in the region over the years, these observations seemed not to be having any ground, until the real risk was witnessed in Northern Rock, and this acted as a wakeup call to FSA. At the beginning of 2007, FSA considered Northern Rock as one of the best performing financial institutions in the UK. What it failed to realize at that time were the mortgage risks that it was exposed to owing to the fact that the institution dealt mostly with international investors. This risk was brought about by the financial crisis that was being witnessed all over the world during that period. Observations made later on indicated that â€Å"by mid-September, it had become apparent to Northern Rock that longer term funding markets were closed to it. Rollovers were largely continuing but at shorter and shorter maturities and Northern Rock lacked the option to draw on sufficient prearranged contingency liquidity lines of credit and did not benefit f rom a third party injection of capital† (FSA, 2008,p. 34). Due to this, FSA made an endorsement indicating that the Bank of England was deemed to provide liquidity facilities to all the banks that needed this kind of support in the UK, including Northern Rock. This crisis mainly focused on three institutions, the Bank of England, the treasury and FSA, owing to their joint responsibility of ensuring stability in the financial sector. FSA is blamed for permitting Northern Rock to raise its dividends irrespective of the already messed up financial position. An article by FSA Internal Audit Division (2008) supports these allegations by indicating that, â€Å"in in their own internal audits of the experience and compilation of the lessons learned from the Northern Rock failure contained a broad list of problems within FSA which included lack of rigor in the analyses conducted and failure to devote insufficient resources to monitoring what are regarded as high impact situationsâ₠¬  (Audit Division, 2008, p. 42). This report indicates that the major issues that led to this failure included organizational shortfalls, lack of sufficient skills in the supervisors, and poor methods of supervision, especially in large institutions operating at international levels. From the discussion, it is clear that FSA was in a position to save Northern Rock from the downfall, had it acted on the early signs. In fact, financial researchers such as Milne Wood (2008), Shin (2009) and Herring (2007) indicated that FSA devoted little time to the process of checking the level of stress tolerance in Northern Rock, hence ignoring many factors that eventually worked against the institution. Shin (2009) specifically points out that â€Å"insufficient attention was given to the banks challenging governance programs and risk mitigation processes† (2009, p.110). Herring (2007) concurrently indicates that â€Å"FSA not only ignored numerous early warning signs of troubles with N orthern Rock, but also ignored a breach of required minimum capital standards early in 2007† (p.10). Besides these, it was also noted that the bank failed to inform its stakeholders of this failure, and FSA was aware of this, but failed to take action. From this, a conclusion can be drawn that despite the fact that Northern Rock was responsible for its own peril, FSA also played a major role of not intervening where it would have been and also assuming the warning signs that were so loud and clear. Failure of prudential supervision In any financial setup, there are four aspects that need to be considered to come up with a stable financial system. The Bank of England (2007) indicates that â€Å"the first aspect is prudential regulation of financial firms, second is systemic stability, third is the lender of last resort role and finally the conduct of business regulation and supervision† (Bank of England,2007,p. 6). The issue in question especially in relation to the Nort hern Rock problem is the institution responsible for prudential supervision, whether it is the bank of Europe, the treasury or FSA. Irrespective of the institution responsible, this type of supervision is mandatory in financial institutions, failure to which results in cases such as what was experienced in Northern Rock (Freixas et al, 2007, p. 12). This conflict on the question of supervision mandate led the government to redefine the roles of the institutions in the financial sector. As a result of this, it was realized that supervision lies with FSA. The crisis in 2007 created the need to develop an official set of organizations and practices for assisting in the recovery of failing banks. This led to the officiating of a memorandum of understanding between the three bodies, that is, treasury, FSA and the Bank of Europe. A report by FSA internal audit division (2008) indicated that there were five basic standards that came with this agreement and these were â€Å"the existence o f a clear division of responsibilities, appropriate accountability arrangements, the avoidance of duplication of responsibilities, exchange of relevant information and mechanisms for crisis management† (2008,p.50). The causes behind the problem of Northern rock are interrelated to the extent that it is difficult to tell exactly what the main cause of this issue was. However, it was realized that prudential supervision of the banking institution was being conducted in a poor way and this is therefore deemed to be the greatest contributor to the whole problem. According to the Bank of England (2007) â€Å"this institution had been a pioneer in risk based supervision; focusing attention where it is most important† (2007, p. 8). This credit was however withdrawn after the Northern Rock crisis which revealed the poor laid supervision strategies. Many financial analysts believe that FSA was in a position to foresee this situation, long before it occurred. From this, it is evi dent that the Northern Rock crisis depicted a high level of failure in the prudential supervision of banking institutions. These failures according to FSA (2008) include â€Å"reliance upon seriously deficient accounting and capital adequacy standards; failure to monitor institutions in a timely, effective, and on-going fashion; failure to intervene appropriately when problems were identified; and promoting the welfare of the regulated institutions and the regulatory agency rather than the insurance fund or the taxpayer† (FSA, 2008, p.43). In fact, hearings in the House of Commons – a committee responsible for establishing the cause of the problems surrounding Northern Rock, indicated that FSA failed to perform effectively. House of Commons alleged that this was by way of â€Å"failing to monitor the institution and allowing Northern Rock to increase its dividends despite its troubled financial position† (2008, p.23). The supervisory evaluations of Northern Rock conducted by FSA did not put much emphasis on liquidity issues. Conclusion From the above discussion of the issues surrounding the Northern Rock problems, it is evident that these problems could have been avoided if all the parties concerned, that is, Northern Rock bank itself, the Bank of Europe and FSA were responsible for the actions that were taken before 2007. Northern Bank was responsible for the crisis in the sense that it did not perform a long term analysis of its actions. In its operations, it failed to consider the possibility of liquidity risks in the financial market. Bank of Europe was responsible in the sense that it did not act promptly as a lender of last resort in providing the credit requested by Northern Bank when it started experiencing the liquidity challenges. References Bank of England 2007, Financial Stability Report. Web. Freixas, X, Giannini, C, Hoggarth, G Soussa, F 2009, ‘Lender of last  Resort: a review of the literature’, Financial Sta bility Review, Vol. 7, pp. 151–167. FSA (2008) ‘The supervision of Northern Rock: a lessons learned review’, Internal Audit, pp. 32 43 FSA Internal Audit Division 2008, ‘The Supervision of Northern Rock’ A Lessons Learned Review, pp. 37 56 Herring, R 2007, ‘Resolution Strategies: Challenges Posed by Systemically Important Banks’, lecture at Regional Seminar on Financial Crisis Management, pp. 5 16 House of Commons 2008, ‘The run on the Rock’, Treasury Committee, Vol. 1, pp. 23 Kane, E 2008, ‘Regulation and supervision: an ethical perspective’, Principles v Rules in Financial Regulation, Vol. 2 no. 5, pp. 48 56 Milne, A Wood, G 2008, ‘Banking Crisis Solutions: Old and New’, Review (Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis), Vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 517–530. Shin, H 2009 ‘Reflections on Northern Rock: The Bank Run that Heralded the Global Financial Crisis’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 101–119 Vesala, J 2006, ‘Which Model for Prudential Supervision in the EU’ Monetary Policy and Financial Market Stability, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.99-105.